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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Helium atom ： ウィキペディア英語版 Helium atom |Section2= |Section5= |Section6= |Section7= }} : ''This article is about the physics of atomic helium. For other properties of helium, see helium.'' A helium atom is an atom of the chemical element helium. Helium is composed of two electrons bound by the electromagnetic force to a nucleus containing two protons along with either one or two neutrons, depending on the isotope, held together by the strong force. Unlike for hydrogen, a closed-form solution to the Schrödinger equation for the helium atom has not been found. However, various approximations, such as the Hartree–Fock method, can be used to estimate the ground state energy and wavefunction of the atom. ==Introduction== The Hamiltonian of helium, considered as a three-body system of two electrons and a nucleus and after separating out the centre-of-mass motion, can be written as :$H\backslash psi(\backslash vec\_1,\backslash ,\; \backslash vec\_2)\; =\; \backslash Bigg(\backslash nabla^2\_\; -\backslash frac\backslash Bigg)\; -\; \backslash frac\; \backslash nabla\_\; \backslash cdot\; \backslash nabla\_\; +\; \backslash frac\_1,\backslash ,\; \backslash vec\_2)$ where $\backslash mu\; =\; \backslash frac$ is the reduced mass of an electron with respect to the nucleus, $\backslash vec\_1$ and $\backslash vec\_2$ are the electron-nucleus distance vectors and $r\_\; =\; |\backslash vec\; -\; \backslash vec|$. The nuclear charge, $Z$ is 2 for helium. In the approximation of an infinitely heavy nucleus, $M\; =\; \backslash infty$ we have $\backslash mu\; =\; m$ and the mass polarization term $\backslash frac\; \backslash nabla\_\; \backslash cdot\; \backslash nabla\_$ disappears. In atomic units the Hamiltonian simplifies to :$H\backslash psi(\backslash vec\_1,\backslash ,\; \backslash vec\_2)\; =\; \backslash Bigg(-\; \backslash frac\backslash nabla^2\_\; -\; \backslash frac\; -\; \backslash frac\; +\; \backslash frac\_1,\backslash ,\; \backslash vec\_2).$ The presence of the electron-electron interaction term 1/r12 makes this equation non separable. This means that $\backslash psi\_0(\backslash vec\_1,\backslash ,\; \backslash vec\_2)$ cannot be written as a product of one-electron wave functions and the wave function is entangled. Therefore, measurements cannot be made on one particle without affecting the other. Nevertheless, quite good theoretical descriptions of helium can be obtained within the Hartree–Fock and Thomas–Fermi approximations. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Helium atom」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.